Beaver dam analogues drive heterogeneous groundwater–surface water interactions     

Jeffrey Wade  Laura Lautz  Christa Kelleher  Philippe Vidon  Julianne Davis  Julio Beltran  Casey Pearce 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5340-5353

Beaver dam analogues (BDAs) are a cost-effective stream restoration approach that leverages the recognized environmental benefits of natural beaver dams on channel stability and local hydrology. Although natural beaver dams are known to exert considerable influence on the hydrologic conditions of a stream system by mediating geomorphic processes, nutrient cycling, and groundwater–surface water interactions, the impacts of beaver-derived restoration methods on groundwater–surface water exchange are poorly characterized. To address this deficit, we monitored hyporheic exchange fluxes and streambed porewater biogeochemistry across a sequence of BDAs installed along a central Wyoming stream during the summer of 2019. Streambed fluxes were quantified by heat tracing methods and vertical hydraulic gradients. Biogeochemical activity was evaluated using major ion porewater chemistry and principal component analysis. Vertical fluxes of approximately 1.0 m/day were observed around the BDAs, as was the development of spatially heterogeneous zones of nitrate production, groundwater upwelling, and anaerobic reduction. Strong contrasts in hyporheic zone processes were observed across BDAs of differing sizes. This suggests that structures may function with size-dependent behaviour, only altering groundwater–surface water interactions after a threshold hydraulic step height is exceeded. Patterns of hyporheic exchange and biogeochemical cycling around the studied BDAs resemble those around natural beaver dams, suggesting that BDAs may provide comparable benefits to channel complexity and near-stream function over a 1-year period.  相似文献   

Accuracy assessment of NLCD 2011 percent impervious cover for selected USA metropolitan areas     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

The emergence of high-resolution land cover data has created the opportunity to assess the accuracy of impervious cover (IC) provided by the National Land Cover Database (NLCD). We assessed the accuracy of the 900 m² NLCD2011 %IC for 18 metropolitan areas throughout the conterminous United States using reference data from 1 m² land cover data developed as part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s EnviroAtlas project. Agreement was assessed from two perspectives: 1) sensitivity to the size of the assessment unit used for the comparison, and 2) utility of NLCD %IC to serve as a proxy for high-resolution IC. The former perspective was considered because statistical relationships can be sensitive to assessment unit size and shape, and the latter perspective was considered because high resolution (reference) %IC data are not available nationwide. The utility of NLCD %IC as a proxy for the high resolution data was assessed for seven lattice (square) cell sizes ranging from 1 ha to 200 ha using four EnviroAtlas IC indicators: 1) %IC per 100 ha (1 km²); 2) %IC by Census block group; 3) %IC within a 15 m (radius) of the riparian zone, and; 4) %IC within a 50 m (radius) of the riparian zone. Agreement was quantified as per assessment unit deviation (NLCD %IC – reference %IC) and summarized as Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Deviation (MD) both within and across the 18 metropolitan areas. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression (y = reference %IC and x = NLCD %IC) was also used to evaluate the quality of the NLCD %IC data. MAD was ≤ 5% for six of the seven lattice cell sizes. MAD was also ≤ 5% for Census block groups > 100 ha and for both riparian units. These results suggest that uncertainty attributable to the measurement of %IC was no greater than the uncertainty related to the effect of IC on aquatic resources that have been derived from studies of aquatic condition (e.g., benthic fauna) over a range of %IC. Overall, agreement was variable from one metropolitan area to the next. Agreement improved as assessment unit size increased and declined as the level of urbanization (NLCD %IC) increased. NLCD %IC tended to underestimate reference %IC overall, but NLCD %IC was sometimes greater than reference %IC in urbanized settings.  相似文献   

基于2 m格网点云数据的高精度DEM制作第三次国土调查坡度图     

李国华 《测绘通报》2020,(8):117-121

地形地貌随着时间的推移时刻发生变化，以高精度数字高程模型（EDE）数据制作坡度图，进而计算田坎系数，更精准地进行耕地面积计算及统计。以2 m格网点云数据生成的DEM数据为基础，按照第三次全国国土调查的相关技术要求，根据耕地坡度分级要求进行分级，生成坡度分级栅格数据图。对坡度分级栅格数据图进行矢量化，生成坡度分级矢量化数据。对矢量化数据进行图斑综合、界线平滑、拓扑重建、数据裁切等处理，制作完成调查区域坡度图及相关属性数据制作。并对生产的坡度图成果进行分析，找出不同尺度格网生产的坡度图的技术差异，并对高精度坡度的应用进行了展望。  相似文献   

Landsat时序数据支持下的藏东南植被时空变化监测     

王华  杨乾鹏  郭山川  旦增  次仁多吉 《测绘通报》2020,(11):7

本文利用GEE平台和1990—2019年巴宜区Landsat遥感影像，采用像元二分模型、相关性分析等方法分析了巴宜区植被覆盖度的时空变化特征与驱动力。研究结果表明：①1990—2019年巴宜区植被覆盖度总体呈稳中有增的趋势，其中，河谷区域增加明显，而高海拔区域相对稳定；②1990—2019年巴宜区气温呈显著升高，降水略有下降，总体呈“暖干化”，气温较降水量对植被覆盖变化更明显，但气候变化对植被覆盖变化影响总体不明显；③1990—2019年巴宜区植被覆盖变化与人类活动有很好的相关性，其中，低、中低、中、中高植被覆盖区域，呈显著的负相关，而高植被覆盖区域呈正相关。本文基于遥感大数据和地理云计算的植被覆盖监测动态监测和定量分析方法，能对高山峡谷区生态评估和演替分析提供一定的技术支撑和科学数据。  相似文献   

复杂地形景区三维导览图的设计与实现     

吴思锴  李百寿  郭家豪  李雪  张卫平 《北京测绘》2020,(1):38-43

为满足复杂地形景区对三维地图导览的需求,构建更为清晰的三维地图模型,提供良好的三维导览地图设计方案显得尤为重要。为了更好地与卫星影像进行贴合,DEM数据的采样密度要与卫星影像的分辨率一致。本文通过对比当下常用的四种空间插值方法的适用范围与运用特点,设置相关阈值及权重,直观比较了四种插值方法产生的插值结果,选择更适合复杂景区DEM插值的插值方法并对其进行精度提升,以此得到符合精度要求的DEM数据。最后利用相应地区的卫星影像进行地图投影及影像贴图,两种数据结合构建复杂景区的三维地图模型,给游客带来更为精确直观的定位信息和空间要素信息。  相似文献   

从人力资源管理视角看注册测绘师制度     

刘依然 《北京测绘》2020,(3):329-332

注册测绘师制度作为保证测绘成果质量、强化法律责任和全面贯彻落实《中华人民共和国测绘法》的重要举措,对测绘企业乃至测绘地理信息行业都有着深远影响。本文试从人力资源管理的角度进行解读,分析注册测绘师制度对人力资源规划、岗位设置和人力资源供求关系的影响,并结合自身的工作经验和所思所想提出了特定项目试点执业、建立信息共享平台和实行绩效管理等执业建议,以实现注册测绘师、测绘企业和测绘地理信息行业的协同发展。  相似文献   

基于倾斜摄影测量的大比例尺三维测图技术     

李通 《北京测绘》2020,(4):543-546

目前,城市大比例尺地形图更新主要采用全野外的测量方法,不仅耗费大量的劳动力,并且效率低下。旋翼机和倾斜摄影测量技术的快速发展,为城市大比例尺地形图的测绘与更新提供了全新的技术手段。本文以滕州市城区约10 km2的1∶500地形图测绘项目为例,采用大疆精灵4 Pro旋翼机进行数据获取,Smart 3D软件进行空三加密及三维建模,最后在EPS软件中进行三维测图,并对地形图成果进行了精度检核,验证了技术方案的可行性,为同类项目提供了有益参考。  相似文献   

A critical zone observatory dedicated to suspended sediment transport: The meso-scale Galabre catchment (southern French Alps)     

Cédric Legout  Guilhem Freche  Romain Biron  Michel Esteves  Oldrich Navratil  Guillaume Nord  Magdalena Uber  Thomas Grangeon  Nico Hachgenei  Brice Boudevillain  Céline Voiron  Lorenzo Spadini 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14084

The 20 km² Galabre catchment belongs to the French network of critical zone observatories (OZCAR; Gaillardet et al., Vadose Zone Journal, 2018, 17(1), 1–24). It is representative of the sedimentary lithology and meteorological forcing found in Mediterranean and mountainous areas. Due to the presence of highly erodible and sloping badlands on various lithologies, the site was instrumented in 2007 to understand the dynamics of suspended sediments (SS) in such areas. Two meteorological stations including measurements of air temperature, wind speed and direction, air moisture, rainfall intensity, raindrop size and velocity distribution were installed both in the upper and lower part of the catchment. At the catchment outlet, a gauging station records the water level, temperature and turbidity (10 min time-step). Stream water samples are collected automatically to estimate SS concentration-turbidity relationships, allowing quantification of SS fluxes with known uncertainty. The sediment samples are further characterized by measuring their particle size distributions and by applying a low-cost sediment fingerprinting approach using spectrocolorimetric tracers. Thus, the contributions of badlands located on different lithologies to total SS flux are quantified at a high temporal resolution, providing the opportunity to better analyse the links between meteorological forcing variability and watershed hydrosedimentary response. The set of measurements was extended to the dissolved phase in 2017. Both stream water electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations are measured each week and every 3 h during storm events. This extension of measurements to the dissolved phase will allow progress in understanding both the origin of the water during the events and the partitioning between particulate and dissolved fluxes of solutes in the critical zone. All data sets are available at https://doi.osug.fr/public/DRAIXBLEONE_GAL/index.html .  相似文献   

Quantifying suitable dynamic water levels in marsh wetlands based on hydrodynamic modelling     

Peng Hu  Zefan Yang  Qiande Zhu  Weize Wang  Qin Yang 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14054

The water level of marsh wetlands is a dominant force controlling the wetland ecosystem function, especially for aquatic habitat. For different species, water level requirements vary in time and space, and therefore ensuring suitable water levels in different periods is crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity in marsh wetlands. Based on hydrodynamic modelling and habitat suitability assessment, we determined suitable dynamic water levels considering aquatic habitat service at different periods in marsh wetlands. The two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the temporal and spatial variation of water level. The habitat suitability for target species at various water levels was evaluated to obtain the fitting curves between Weighted Usable Area (WUA) and water levels. And then suitable water levels throughout the year were proposed according to the fitting curves. Using the Zhalong Wetland (located in northeastern China) as a case study, we confirmed that the proposed MIKE 21 model can successfully be used to simulate the water level process in the wetland. Suitable water levels were identified as being from 143.9–144.2 m for April to May, 144.1–144.3 m for June to September, and 144.3–144.4 m for October to November (before the freezing season). Furthermore, proposed water diversion schemes have been identified which can effectively sustain the proposed dynamic water levels. This study is expected to provide appropriate guidance for the determination of environmental flows and water management strategies in marsh wetlands.  相似文献   

自然资源全要素自适应野外调查框架设计     

刘立  刘娟  陈宏宇  李维庆 《测绘通报》2020,(1):107

针对自然资源全要素调查工作中分类标准不同、调查口径不同、调查方法不同，造成的各部门调查软件平台重复开发建设和调查数据结果地理信息特征表达不清晰等问题，本文结合自然资源全要素野外调查工作的实际需要，以山水林田湖草生命共同体为统一对象，构建了自然资源语义化特征模型，提出了表征不同自然资源类型的自适应野外调查方法，实现了灵活性高、性能优异的自然资源调查技术平台，形成了统一的自然资源全要素野外调查框架，可以有效提升多门类自然资源基础调查、专业调查、动态调查的能力与水平，为自然资源治理能力现代化提供了可靠技术保障。  相似文献